{"id":38503,"date":"2026-11-02T07:08:42","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T07:08:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/catalinx.ro\/wordpress\/?p=38503"},"modified":"2026-10-20T20:33:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-20T19:33:38","slug":"notes-to-self-cum-sa-nu-stii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/catalinx.ro\/wordpress\/?p=38503","title":{"rendered":"Lec\u021bie de: Cum s\u0103 nu \u0219tii ?!"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Chimie , biologie \u0219i fizic\u0103 nuclear\u0103?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Copilul mic ( 12 ani ) \u00eemi spune c\u0103 a avut lucrare la \u0219tiin\u021be \u0219i c\u0103 nu crede c\u0103 a f\u0103cut bine. Pai daca nu crede, e deja r\u0103u, indiferent de dac\u0103 a f\u0103cut bine sau r\u0103u. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“P\u0103i, dau cu tine de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, cum adic\u0103 s\u0103 nu \u0219tii?! De ce nu pui m\u00e2na pe carte? ”

Ar fi zis vreun p\u0103rinte pe undeva , dar, b\u0103i, p\u0103rin\u021bii mei s\u0103 \u0219tii c\u0103 nu mi-au zis niciodat\u0103 a\u0219a.\u00a0 M-au \u00eentrebat ce nu am \u0219tiut \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la nivelul la care au \u0219tiut ei, m-au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat ei, dup\u0103 aia , au ridicat din umeri \u0219i m-au trimis s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei \u00eenv\u0103\u021b \u0219i pe ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0218i \u00eenc\u0103 mai facem a\u0219a \u0219i le spun p\u0103rin\u021bilor mei despre univers, planete, fizic\u0103 \u0219i economie, c\u0103 cred c\u0103 acum e r\u00e2ndul meu \u0219i c\u0103 de asta se bucur\u0103 mai mult la b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be dec\u00e2t de alte ajutoare pe care a\u0219 putea sau nu a\u0219 putea. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u0219a c\u0103 \u0219i eu fac la fel.
-Ce n-ai \u0219tiut?
…( o s\u0103 fie lung \u0219i probabil plictisitor, astea le scriu pentru mine la b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be)…<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Care este rolul cartilajului \u00een wind pipes.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00cen ce? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Pe unde respiri.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Trahee…Ce ai zis \u0219i care este?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0218tia acum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u0218tii ce e acela un cartilaj? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

I-am explicat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u0218i mai ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Trebuia s\u0103 calculez presiunea la…<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u00cen ce se m\u0103soar\u0103 presiunea? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

–Newtons over square meters.<\/em> Or pascals. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Ce e 1 Pascal?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-1N\/m2.
-E bun, deja majoritatea oamenilor nu \u0219tiu at\u00e2t. Dar nu de ajuns de bun. \u00cen ce se mai m\u0103soar\u0103 presiunea, \u00een particular de aer?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Cu referin\u021b\u0103 la aerul din jurul nostru. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-…
-Mai \u021bii minte c\u00e2nd ai fost la scufund\u0103ri ce presiune aveai \u00een butelia de oxigen? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Nu…<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Aaaa. Aveai 200 de bari. \u0218tii ce e un bar? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Aproximativ presiunea aerului din jur, se mai nume\u0219te \u0219i presiunea atmosferic\u0103 \u0219i exist\u0103 \u0219i o unitate fix atm, dar nu-\u021bi bate capul. \u0218tii \u00een ce m\u0103soar\u0103 americanii presiunea?
–La ce-mi trebuie?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-C\u0103 la anul poate mergem \u00een zona lor de influen\u021b\u0103 \u00een vacan\u021b\u0103 \u00een caraibe \u0219i la scufund\u0103ri ai s\u0103 ai butelia \u00een unitatea lor. PSI. Pounds per square inch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se \u00eencrunt\u0103.
-Dac\u0103 200 de bari sunt 3000 de PSI ( \u0219tiu c\u0103 nu-i fix a\u0219a!) , c\u00e2\u021bi PSI sunt \u00eentr-un bar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…calculeaz\u0103…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-A\u0219a. Altceva?
-C\u0103 nu am \u0219tiut sigur dac\u0103 oxigenul intr\u0103 sau iese din alveolele pulmonare <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Pai tu cum crezi c\u0103 e? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Cred c\u0103 iese oxigen \u0219i intr\u0103 dioxid de carbon, dar am scris invers. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Cum ai scris ? C\u0103 intr\u0103 oxigen \u0219i iese dioxid de carbon.
-Pe partea de aer sau pe partea de s\u00e2nge? Adic\u0103 din perspectiva respira\u021biei? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Da. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-P\u0103i tu cum \u00ee\u021bi imaginezi c\u0103 e?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…ridicat din umeri…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Unde merg gazele \u0103stea ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u00cen s\u00e2nge, oxigenul merge la celule. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De ce?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-C\u0103 au nevoie de el?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De ce?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-S\u0103-l foloseasc\u0103. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Cum?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u0218i care e treaba cu dioxidul de carbon? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Pleac\u0103 de la celule<\/em>, prin s\u00e2nge. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Ok, deci \u00eemi spui c\u0103 \u00een s\u00e2nge intr\u0103 oxigen pe care \u00eel inspir\u0103m \u0219i s\u00e2ngele trebuie s\u0103 scape de dioxid de carbon, da? Deci pe calea aerian\u0103, \u00een alveole, ce intr\u0103 \u0219i ce pleac\u0103?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Oxigenul care trebuie s\u0103 intre \u00een s\u00e2nge \u0219i CO2-ul care trebuie s\u0103 plece. <\/em>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-A\u0219a, \u0103stea trebuie s\u0103 le \u0219tii c\u0103 procesul de respira\u021bie e critic. Nu po\u021bi s\u0103 stai nici dou\u0103 minute f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 respiri \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii de ce, c\u0103 mori!
–Da?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dau ochii peste cap. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-OK, \u021bine-\u021bi respira\u021bia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0218i-o \u021bine pe ritm de piuit de ma\u0219in\u0103 de sp\u0103lat vase, c\u0103 se terminase programul, cred(?) \u0219i piuie tot la o secund\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la pulivar\u0103, c\u0103 mai are nu \u0219tiu ce eroare, de care nu m\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 c\u00e2tu\u0219i de pu\u021bin b\u0103ga-mi-a\u0219 pula \u00een ea de tinichea, c\u0103 m-am s\u0103turat de gunoaie. O opresc din buton c\u00e2nd nu-\u0219i mai poate \u021bine copilul respira\u021bia, \u00eei spun c\u0103 are buzele mov \u0219i merge s\u0103 se uite \u00een oglind\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Sim\u021bi o presiune s\u0103 respiri?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Mai puteam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u0218tii de ce?<\/em>
-Pentru c\u0103 nu mai am oxigen?<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Nu chiar.\u0218tii c\u00e2t oxigen e \u00een aerul pe care-l respiri? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Cam 20%. <\/em>
-\u0218i dioxid de carbon?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-5%?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Nu. cam at\u0103t este atunci c\u00e2nd expiri normal, 4-4.4%. Sub 1%. Mult sub 1%, undeva la 400-500ppm e normal. Peste 1000 determin\u0103 o reac\u021bie de toxicitate \u0219i aciditate \u00een organism iar r\u0103spunsul organismului e s\u0103 declan\u0219eze tot soiul de spasme nervoase ca s\u0103 te determine s\u0103 respiri. Mai ai oxigen \u00een pl\u0103m\u00e2ni, doar c\u0103 din moment ce cre\u0219te concentra\u021bia \u0219i presiunea par\u021bial\u0103 ( \u00ee\u021bi explic alt\u0103 dat\u0103 ce e asta) de CO2 fa\u021b\u0103 de Oxigen se absoarbe mai pu\u021bin oxigen , lucru care \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 s\u00e2ngele tinde s\u0103 se acidifice, \u0219i se satureaz\u0103 cu CO2.
E prea complicat s\u0103 \u00eei explic acidificarea, \u00eei ar\u0103t de pe telefon dou\u0103 poze cu transferul de oxigen.
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-Ce fac celulele cu oxigenul ?
-Nu \u0219tiu.<\/em>
-Ai \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat la chimie reac\u021bia de oxidare?
-Nu. <\/em>
…Am verificat \u0219i studiase , doar pentru metale, dar nu \u0219tia. Vina mea, n-am verificat.
-OK. \u00cen\u021belegi de ce un atom de oxigen oxideaz\u0103 al\u021bi atomi? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Nu. <\/em>
-O s\u0103 \u00eencepem cel mai simplu, cu hidrogenul.
-\u0218tii ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 pui hidrogen \u0219i oxigen \u00eempreun\u0103 \u0219i produci o sc\u00e2nteie?
-Nu.<\/em>
Simt c\u0103 iau foc. Are 12 ani \u0219i nu \u0219tie…
-Arde?<\/em>
Pun pe foaie reac\u021bia H2<\/sub> + O2<\/sub> = … \u0219i a\u0219tept s\u0103-mi spun\u0103 ce iese din reac\u021bie. A\u0219tept degeaba.
Nu vreau s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be nimic. Vreau s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103.
-\u0218tii ce e un atom de hidrogen? C\u00e2\u021bi protoni \u0219i electroni are?
\u00cemi cite\u0219te ( \u00eemi pic\u0103 ochii , dar nu zic nimic) din tabelul Mendelev: 1, 1. \u00cemi dau seama c\u0103 nu \u0219tie a\u0219a c\u0103 o \u00eentreb de oxigen \u0219i zice de 8 electroni \u0219i 16 protoni. \u00cei explic c\u0103 sunt 8 protoni \u0219i 8 neutroni \u0219i o \u00eentreb dac\u0103 \u0219tie de ce e nevoie de neutroni. Moment \u00een care \u00eemi dau seama c\u0103 o s\u0103 \u00eei explic ceva ce eu am studiat la facultate \u0219i am \u00een\u021beles mai bine mult mai t\u00e2rziu.

Ii desenez modelul lui Bohr de hidrogen \u0219i \u00eei explic un pic sarcina electric\u0103.
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\u00cei explic c\u0103 protonii \u0219i electronii se resping \u00eentre ei \u0219i c\u0103 \u0219i quarcii \u00een\u0103untrul particulei, dac\u0103-s de acela\u0219i fel se resping, ca-n poza de mai jos , datorit\u0103 diferen\u021bei de for\u021b\u0103 electric\u0103 dintre quarcii up \u0219i down, poza de mai jos, dar m\u00e2zg\u0103lit\u0103 de mine pe foaie…
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\u00cei desenez a\u0219ezarea protonilor \u0219i neutronilor \u00een nucleu \u0219i \u00eei explic c\u0103 pentru nuclei mai mari e nevoie de \u0219i mai mul\u021bi neutroni \u0219i de la un nivel \u00eencolo nucleul nu mai e stabil, dar nu ne intereseaz\u0103 asta.
Ne intereseaz\u0103 s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 acum c\u0103 avem protoni \u0219i neutroni \u00een nucleu, care-i sarcina. nucleului \u0219i cum se a\u0219eaz\u0103 electronii pe straturi.
\u0218i c\u0103 doi atomi de hidrogen au c\u00e2te un electron \u0219i c\u00e2te un loc liber \u0219i formeaz\u0103 o molecul\u0103 av\u00e2nd 2 electroni care orbiteaz\u0103 \u00een jurul ambilor atomi \u0219i c\u0103 2 atomi de oxigen formeaz\u0103 o molecul\u0103 pun\u00e2nd \u00een comun c\u00e2te 2 electroni – leg\u0103tur\u0103 covalent\u0103.
\u0218i o \u00eentreb:
-Po\u021bi, acum crea o molecul\u0103 stabil\u0103 cu un strat electronic complet, din hidrogen \u0219i oxigen?
\u0218i poate, aparent din doi atomi de hidrogen \u0219i unul de oxigen. \u00cei desenez.
-\u0218i \u0219tii ce e asta?
-Nu. <\/em>
Am murit \u0219i-am \u00eenviat.
-Scrie pe foaie.
-Aaa, e \u201dH2O\u201d? Adic\u0103 ap\u0103?<\/em>
-Eee? \u0218i mai ce?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Energie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De unde?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Eu pun \u00eentreb\u0103rile aici! Din leg\u0103turi chimice. E complicat, dar ce trebuie s\u0103 re\u021bii e c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd se formeaz\u0103 leg\u0103turi chimice se elibereaz\u0103 energie, iar ca s\u0103 se rup\u0103 leg\u0103turi chimice este necesar\u0103 energie. De aia unele reac\u021bii chimice sunt exoterme, altele endoterme. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-De unde vine energia din leg\u0103turile chimice?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Din mecanica cuantic\u0103 \u0219i distan\u021bele de interac\u021biune \u0219i dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103-\u021bi explic \u0219i asta trebuie s\u0103 iau o carte, sau s\u0103 citesc \u0219i eu, c\u0103 pe aici \u00eencep s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eencurc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Eram la oxidare. Orice element simplu se poate oxida. Te po\u021bi g\u00e2ndi la un material simplu, ca s\u0103 facem un exerci\u021biu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Da. Lemn, c\u00e2rpa?<\/em>
-Meaam. \u00cen\u021beleg ce zici dar lemnul \u0219i fibrele textile sunt unele din cele mai complexe materiale din natur\u0103. Bun, trecem mai departe. Ai auzit de carbohidra\u021bi? \u0218tii ce sunt?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Da. P\u0103ine, dulciuri….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-E bun. Ai idee ce con\u021bin, dup\u0103 nume?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Carbon \u0219i hidrogen? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Bravo. Hai s\u0103 vedem carbonul, uit\u0103-te \u00een tabel, c\u00e2\u021bi protoni \u0219i c\u00e2\u021bi electroni are ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-6. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u0218i c\u00e2\u021bi electroni pe ultimul strat? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-OK, o s\u0103 facem acum cel mai simplu carbohidrat, care nu e carbohidrat, dar o s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 este, c\u0103 e cel mai simplu compus organic \u0219i are leg\u0103turi chimice simple. C\u00e2te pozi\u021bii de electroni neocupate are carbonul \u0219i de c\u00e2\u021bi atomi de hidrogen e nevoie s\u0103 pun\u0103 electroni \u00een comun ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Bun, \u0103sta e metanul CH4<\/sub> . Gazul cu care ne \u00eenc\u0103lzim.
Acuma, dac\u0103 prespunem c\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nci compu\u0219i organici asem\u0103n\u0103tori , \u00een realitate ei sunt mai complec\u0219i iar metanul e una din moleculele \u00een care ne descompun organismele dup\u0103 ce mor, \u0219i compu\u0219ii \u0103\u0219tia ajung \u00een celule unde le aduci oxigen prin sistemul respirator care e reac\u021bia ? Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103?
CH4<\/sub> + O2<\/sub> = ?
-CO2. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-OK, tri\u0219eszi c\u0103 \u0219tii r\u0103spunsul dar da. Doar c\u0103 nu e de ajuns, gen trebuie s\u0103 sco\u021bi din reac\u021bie toate elementele \u0219i cantit\u0103\u021bile \u00een care au intrat.
–CO2+ H4<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Nu exist\u0103 H4<\/sub> ( \u00eei desenez de ce nu), dar poate exista 2H2.<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 tot suntem acolo \u00eei explic \u0219i c\u0103 poate exista O3<\/sub> \u0219i ce este acesta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Dar crezi tu c\u0103 po\u021bi avea hidrogen liber \u00eentr-un proces care trece prin oxidare \u0219i dispune de energia necesar\u0103 ruperii unor leg\u0103turi \u0219i cre\u0103rii de altele? \u00cen ce crezi c\u0103 se transform\u0103 hidrogenul ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u00cen ap\u0103? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Adic\u0103?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-CH4<\/sub> + O2<\/sub> = CO2<\/sub> + 2(H2<\/sub>O) <\/em>
-I\u021bi lipse\u0219te o molecul\u0103 de oxigen ca input, c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 egalizezi ce intr\u0103 cu ce iese. Nu avem pierderi de mas\u0103 \u00een chimie, doar \u00een fizic\u0103 nuclear\u0103 \u0219i atunci calcul\u0103m transformarea \u00een energie prin formula lui Einstein, dar nu e cazul aici.
Acuma, cu tabelul lui Mendelev, po\u021bi face \u0219i calculele cantitative de mas\u0103? Gen , intr\u0103 \u00een reac\u021bie c\u00e2t metan, c\u00e2t oxigen \u0219i ce cantit\u0103\u021bi de dioxid de carbon \u0219i ap\u0103 ies?
Face… Facem \u00eempreun\u0103.
-OK. \u0218i acuma, s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 ai m\u00e2ncat carbohidra\u021bii \u0219i inspiri oxigen, ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu ce iese din reac\u021bie?
-P\u0103i CO2-ul se \u00eentoarce \u00een s\u00e2nge \u0219i \u00eel expir\u0103m. <\/em>
-\u0218i apa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Merge \u00een celule. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\u0218i pe urm\u0103?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-La baie. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Bun. Acuma, de ce arde organismul carbohidra\u021bi? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Pentru energie?<\/p>\n\n\n\n


– Bingo! Deci dac\u0103 te-ai \u00eengr\u0103\u0219at \u0219i vrei s\u0103 sl\u0103be\u0219ti e suficient s\u0103 respiri, nu? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Da, dar deja respiri c\u00e2nd te \u00eengra\u0219i. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Exact, deci trebuie s\u0103 respiri mai repede, mai mult. Acuma \u00een\u021belegi de ce trebuie s\u0103 faci sport? C\u0103 organismul, de felul lui e zg\u00e2rcit \u0219i nu arde nimic dac\u0103 nu are nevoie de energie, deci ai nevoie s\u0103 faci mi\u0219care \u0219i s\u0103 creezi nevoia de energie , iar a\u0219a respiri mai mult \u0219i e o indica\u021bie c\u0103 arzi mai multe calorii.

-P\u0103i po\u021bi ob\u021bine asta \u0219i din atacuri de panic\u0103!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Blan\u0103, cea mai bun\u0103 metod\u0103 de sl\u0103bit!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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